Table of Realities breakthrough extends physics to include parapsychology
Emory Taylor and Rajan Iyer
Keywords: discontinuum physics, parapsychology, reality.
Abstract
A new branch of physics, called dis-continuum physics, extends physics to include parapsychology by providing the mechanism for phenomena studied by parapsychologists.
Introduction
The questions of why some people experience the phenomena studied by parapsychologists while other people do not, and why it is difficult to get the same results when an experiment is repeated are beyond the scope of this paper. In physics, it is often assumed a human uses its senses for detecting (i.e., see, touch, hear, etc.) and uses its brain to interpret what was detected. A brain doing this interpreting is referred to as a conscious mind in this paper. Newton’s physics (i.e., classical mechanics) and Einstein’s physics (i.e., relativistic mechanics) are based on the continuum concept [1,2]. Between any two points of a continuum, there is an infinite number of points [2,3]. This means (1) in the neighborhood of a point (x, y, z) a neighboring point (x1, y1, z1) can be as near as we want to point (x, y, z), which is the continuum property of infinite divisibility, and (2) the points are discontinuous, discrete structured material points (DDSM-points) [2,3]. Newton and Einstein used DDSM-points for their continuum-based theory [4].
Dis-continuum Physics (DCP)
Einstein proposed dis-continuum physics (DCP) in 1954 [1]. Einstein objected to the use of DDSM-points because for a continuum field theory there should not be separate, independent things [1,5]. This means a continuum should have the property of inseparability, not separability. Einstein claimed DDSMpoints would falsify his physics (i.e., relativistic mechanics) and Newton’s physics (i.e., classical mechanics) [1]. He speculated the DDSM-points meant physics should be a DCP, not a continuum physics [1]. Einstein claimed the continuum concept along with space and time must be discarded [1]. This means spacetime cannot be fundamental and must be replaced with something else. But Einstein did not know how to proceed with DCP [1]. From December 2021 to November 2022 the first four papers on the conceptual foundations of DCP were published in the peer-reviewed physics journal Physics Essays [3, 6-8].
FIG 1 The DCP Team: Einstein (public domain image), who proposed DCP in the 1950s, Emory Taylor,
who began working on the conceptual foundation of DCP in the 1980s, and Rajan Iyer, who began
working on the mathematical foundations of DCP in 2021.
Falsifying continuum-based physics
In the first DCP paper, the continuum concept of infinite divisibility was falsified, which falsified Einstein’s physics (i.e., relativistic mechanics) and Newton’s physics (i.e., classical mechanics), but that does not mean they are useless, as first approximations of a more fundamental physics they remain useful [3]. Einstein, without realizing it, introduced a quantized two-dimensional-discontinuum geometry (Q2DDG) in a 1916 edition of his book about relativity (i.e., Einstein’s physics), which falsified continuum-based physics (i.e., Newton’s physics and Einstein’s physics) [3]. For this Q2DDG the DDSMpoints are quantized (QDDSM-points) in that they cannot be subdivided or made smaller, and, because these QDDSM-points are discontinuous, between each QDDSM-point is a quantized immaterial space (QIS) [3]. This is illustrated in FIG 2 below, where the black dashed lines are QDDSM-points and the white spaces between them are QIS [1]. The length of a QIS is called the discontinuum length (DL) and currently the size of the DL is not known.
Falsifying continuum-based physics
In the first DCP paper, the continuum concept of infinite divisibility was falsified, which falsified Einstein’s physics (i.e., relativistic mechanics) and Newton’s physics (i.e., classical mechanics), but that does not mean they are useless, as first approximations of a more fundamental physics they remain useful [3]. Einstein, without realizing it, introduced a quantized two-dimensional-discontinuum geometry (Q2DDG) in a 1916 edition of his book about relativity (i.e., Einstein’s physics), which falsified continuum-based physics (i.e., Newton’s physics and Einstein’s physics) [3]. For this Q2DDG the DDSMpoints are quantized (QDDSM-points) in that they cannot be subdivided or made smaller, and, because these QDDSM-points are discontinuous, between each QDDSM-point is a quantized immaterial space (QIS) [3]. This is illustrated in FIG 2 below, where the black dashed lines are QDDSM-points and the white spaces between them are QIS [1]. The length of a QIS is called the discontinuum length (DL) and currently the size of the DL is not known.
FIG 2 Diagram of Einstein’s Q2DDG [1].
Inseparability and replacing spacetime
In the second DCP paper, Einstein’s special relativity was replaced, and the fundamental entity was found to be an unlimited disembodied energy (UDE), a type of vacuum state with a zero net total energy [6]. Quantum fluctuations are applicable to the UDE, and they can result in particles, which are energy represented as matter [6]. This energy represented as the matter of a particle was translated into an intense, discontinuous energy field called an embodied-energy-discontinuous-field (EED-field) [6]. When an EED-field comes into existence the UDE instantaneously becomes a disembodied-energy- discontinuous-field (DED-field) [6]. This occurs such that the EED-field and DED-field are part-of each other [6]. Were the EED-field to no longer exist the DED-field instantaneously reverts back to the UDE, which is the fundamental entity, not spacetime [6]. The EED-field and DED-field that are part-of each other are two different discontinuous energy fields that constitute a discontinuous energy fields-field (DEF-field) [6]. Since the EED-field and DED-field are part-of each other, inseparability is a property of the DEF-field, not separability [6]. The replacement for spacetime is the DEF-field [6].
Inseparable realities
In the third DCP paper, it was pointed out that in a scheme where the EED-field represents physical reality, and the DED-field represents nonphysical reality, then the UDE represents no-reality [7]. This means there are three realities and two of them, physical reality (i.e., the EED-field) and nonphysical reality (i.e., the DED-field), are inseparable realities because removing one removes the other [7].
Five realities
In the fourth DCP paper, it was pointed out that it is reasonable to use Einstein’s Q2DDG (i.e., quantized two-dimensional discontinuum geometry) from the first DCP paper to represent three realities [8]. In this scheme a QDDSM-point of a Q2DDG line segment represents continuum reality (physical reality), and a QIS of the Q2DDG line segment represents no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality), and the whole Q2DDG line segment represents discontinuum reality (quantized reality), which has the constituents of (a) limited continuum reality (a form of physical reality) and (b) limited no-continuum reality (a form of nonphysical reality) [8]. The UDE is denoted by the term no-reality. In the given line of reasoning, no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality) is not detected by a conscious mind, which means discontinuum reality (quantized reality) is not detected by a conscious mind because one of its two constituents is no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality), and no-reality is not detected by a conscious mind [8]. This means only continuum reality (physical reality) is detected by a conscious mind, but remember the continuum concept was falsified by Einstein’s Q2DDG [8].
In the fourth DCP paper, it was also pointed out that Newton, while combating what is called the wrong conclusions problem, switched from the physical reality of celestial bodies to a mathematical reality [8]. But remember the math used by Newton is based on the continuum concept that was falsified by Einstein’s Q2DDG [8]. Physics has five realities: (1) mathematical reality, (2) no-reality, (3) continuum reality (physical reality), (4) no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality), and (5) discontinuum reality (quantized reality), which has the constituents of (a) limited continuum reality (a form of physical reality) and (b) limited no-continuum reality (a form of nonphysical reality), but humans only directly detect continuum reality (physical reality) and mathematical reality, but these two realities were falsified by Einstein’s Q2DDG [8].
Table of Realities (TOR)
In the fourth DCP paper, the five realities are arranged into a table of realities (TOR) used for making predictions (see FIG 3) [8]. For TOR each reality has a domain, and the domains are arranged according to the entities (i.e., atom, human, star, etc.) to which the realities are applicable, and the entities are arranged according to size (see Section 1 of FIG 3) [8]. Three of the realities are applicable outside the conscious mind that resides inside a brain: (1) no-reality, having the NR domain, and (2) no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality), having the NCR domain, and (3) discontinuum reality (quantized reality), having the DR domain, which has two subdomains (see Sections 3 – 5 of FIG 3) [8]. These subdomains are divided into a microscopic subdomain and a macroscopic subdomain with an arbitrary choice of 0.1mm dividing one from the other (see Sections 6 and 7 of FIG 3) [8]. The microscopic subdomain is the LNCR-effect-subdomain, which is the limited no-continuum reality effect subdomain over which the effect of discontinuum reality (quantized reality) is that of its limited no-continuum reality (a form of nonphysical reality) constituent (see Section 6 of FIG 3) [8]. The macroscopic subdomain is the LCReffect-subdomain, which is the limited continuum reality effect subdomain over which the effect of discontinuum reality (quantized reality) is that of its limited continuum reality (a form of physical reality) constituent (see Section 7 of FIG 3) [8]. Two realities are applicable inside a conscious mind that resides inside a brain: (1) continuum reality (physical reality), having the CR domain, and mathematical reality, having the MR domain (see Section 2 of FIG 3) [8]. These two realities were falsified by Einstein’s Q2DDG [3,8].
Inseparability and replacing spacetime
In the second DCP paper, Einstein’s special relativity was replaced, and the fundamental entity was found to be an unlimited disembodied energy (UDE), a type of vacuum state with a zero net total energy [6]. Quantum fluctuations are applicable to the UDE, and they can result in particles, which are energy represented as matter [6]. This energy represented as the matter of a particle was translated into an intense, discontinuous energy field called an embodied-energy-discontinuous-field (EED-field) [6]. When an EED-field comes into existence the UDE instantaneously becomes a disembodied-energy- discontinuous-field (DED-field) [6]. This occurs such that the EED-field and DED-field are part-of each other [6]. Were the EED-field to no longer exist the DED-field instantaneously reverts back to the UDE, which is the fundamental entity, not spacetime [6]. The EED-field and DED-field that are part-of each other are two different discontinuous energy fields that constitute a discontinuous energy fields-field (DEF-field) [6]. Since the EED-field and DED-field are part-of each other, inseparability is a property of the DEF-field, not separability [6]. The replacement for spacetime is the DEF-field [6].
Inseparable realities
In the third DCP paper, it was pointed out that in a scheme where the EED-field represents physical reality, and the DED-field represents nonphysical reality, then the UDE represents no-reality [7]. This means there are three realities and two of them, physical reality (i.e., the EED-field) and nonphysical reality (i.e., the DED-field), are inseparable realities because removing one removes the other [7].
Five realities
In the fourth DCP paper, it was pointed out that it is reasonable to use Einstein’s Q2DDG (i.e., quantized two-dimensional discontinuum geometry) from the first DCP paper to represent three realities [8]. In this scheme a QDDSM-point of a Q2DDG line segment represents continuum reality (physical reality), and a QIS of the Q2DDG line segment represents no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality), and the whole Q2DDG line segment represents discontinuum reality (quantized reality), which has the constituents of (a) limited continuum reality (a form of physical reality) and (b) limited no-continuum reality (a form of nonphysical reality) [8]. The UDE is denoted by the term no-reality. In the given line of reasoning, no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality) is not detected by a conscious mind, which means discontinuum reality (quantized reality) is not detected by a conscious mind because one of its two constituents is no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality), and no-reality is not detected by a conscious mind [8]. This means only continuum reality (physical reality) is detected by a conscious mind, but remember the continuum concept was falsified by Einstein’s Q2DDG [8].
In the fourth DCP paper, it was also pointed out that Newton, while combating what is called the wrong conclusions problem, switched from the physical reality of celestial bodies to a mathematical reality [8]. But remember the math used by Newton is based on the continuum concept that was falsified by Einstein’s Q2DDG [8]. Physics has five realities: (1) mathematical reality, (2) no-reality, (3) continuum reality (physical reality), (4) no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality), and (5) discontinuum reality (quantized reality), which has the constituents of (a) limited continuum reality (a form of physical reality) and (b) limited no-continuum reality (a form of nonphysical reality), but humans only directly detect continuum reality (physical reality) and mathematical reality, but these two realities were falsified by Einstein’s Q2DDG [8].
Table of Realities (TOR)
In the fourth DCP paper, the five realities are arranged into a table of realities (TOR) used for making predictions (see FIG 3) [8]. For TOR each reality has a domain, and the domains are arranged according to the entities (i.e., atom, human, star, etc.) to which the realities are applicable, and the entities are arranged according to size (see Section 1 of FIG 3) [8]. Three of the realities are applicable outside the conscious mind that resides inside a brain: (1) no-reality, having the NR domain, and (2) no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality), having the NCR domain, and (3) discontinuum reality (quantized reality), having the DR domain, which has two subdomains (see Sections 3 – 5 of FIG 3) [8]. These subdomains are divided into a microscopic subdomain and a macroscopic subdomain with an arbitrary choice of 0.1mm dividing one from the other (see Sections 6 and 7 of FIG 3) [8]. The microscopic subdomain is the LNCR-effect-subdomain, which is the limited no-continuum reality effect subdomain over which the effect of discontinuum reality (quantized reality) is that of its limited no-continuum reality (a form of nonphysical reality) constituent (see Section 6 of FIG 3) [8]. The macroscopic subdomain is the LCReffect-subdomain, which is the limited continuum reality effect subdomain over which the effect of discontinuum reality (quantized reality) is that of its limited continuum reality (a form of physical reality) constituent (see Section 7 of FIG 3) [8]. Two realities are applicable inside a conscious mind that resides inside a brain: (1) continuum reality (physical reality), having the CR domain, and mathematical reality, having the MR domain (see Section 2 of FIG 3) [8]. These two realities were falsified by Einstein’s Q2DDG [3,8].
FIG 3 Table of Realities (TOR).
Extending physics to include parapsychology
From FIG 3, it is obvious that a human is a multi-reality organism that is part-of the DEF-field, and the human body as a whole is a macroscopic structure, which means the LCR-effect (i.e., limited continuum reality effect) of discontinuum reality (quantized reality) is applicable to the human body as a whole (see FIG 3). The human body is made of atoms, which means the LNCR-effect (i.e., limited no-continuum reality effect) of discontinuum reality (quantized reality) is applicable to the atoms of the human body (see FIG 3). The atoms of the human body are made of subatomic particles, which means, because the size of the DL is not currently known, either no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality) or the LNCReffect of discontinuum reality (quantized reality) that is very nearly no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality) is applicable to the subatomic particles of the atoms of the human body (see FIG 3). In addition, the human brain, in which the conscious mind resides, is (itself) a macroscopic body and it is made of atoms made of subatomic particles, which means the brain experiences (1) the LCR-effect (i.e., limited continuum reality effect) of discontinuum reality (quantized reality), and (2), because the size of the DL is not currently known, either no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality) or the LNCR-effect of discontinuum reality (quantized reality) that is very nearly no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality), and, inside the brain’s conscious mind, (3) continuum reality (physical reality) is experienced and (4) mathematical reality is experienced. The human body and the brain (itself) experience inseparability because either (a) discontinuum reality (quantized reality) is applicable to them, or (b) no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality) and discontinuum reality (quantized reality) are applicable to them, with this either-or situation resulting from the size of the DL not being known yet.
FIG 4 below is used to illustrate the inseparability that the human body and the brain (itself) experience. FIG 4, which has a gray border, depicts the DEF-field using the color dark-brown and the color white (see FIG 4). The dark-brown color is the EED-field component of the DEF-field, and the white color is the DEDfield component of the DEF-field (see FIG 4). The black color is used for explanatory remarks and illustrations (see FIG 4). The property of inseparability is represented by the white color (i.e., the DEDfield) running through the two people (i.e., the EED-field) who are at opposite ends of the observable universe (see FIG 4). The two people (i.e., the EED-field), even though they are at opposite ends of the observable universe, are part-of each other by-way-of being part-of the DED-field (i.e., the white color) (see FIG 4). Atom 1 and Atom 2 in FIG 4 are illustrated explanatory remarks meant to remind the viewer (you) that the human body, which includes the brain in which the conscious mind resides, is made of atoms that are made of subatomic particles (see FIG 4), and these atoms and subatomic particles are EED-fields that are part-of the DED-field, which means, metaphorically speaking, these atoms and subatomic particles also experience inseparability./span>
Extending physics to include parapsychology
From FIG 3, it is obvious that a human is a multi-reality organism that is part-of the DEF-field, and the human body as a whole is a macroscopic structure, which means the LCR-effect (i.e., limited continuum reality effect) of discontinuum reality (quantized reality) is applicable to the human body as a whole (see FIG 3). The human body is made of atoms, which means the LNCR-effect (i.e., limited no-continuum reality effect) of discontinuum reality (quantized reality) is applicable to the atoms of the human body (see FIG 3). The atoms of the human body are made of subatomic particles, which means, because the size of the DL is not currently known, either no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality) or the LNCReffect of discontinuum reality (quantized reality) that is very nearly no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality) is applicable to the subatomic particles of the atoms of the human body (see FIG 3). In addition, the human brain, in which the conscious mind resides, is (itself) a macroscopic body and it is made of atoms made of subatomic particles, which means the brain experiences (1) the LCR-effect (i.e., limited continuum reality effect) of discontinuum reality (quantized reality), and (2), because the size of the DL is not currently known, either no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality) or the LNCR-effect of discontinuum reality (quantized reality) that is very nearly no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality), and, inside the brain’s conscious mind, (3) continuum reality (physical reality) is experienced and (4) mathematical reality is experienced. The human body and the brain (itself) experience inseparability because either (a) discontinuum reality (quantized reality) is applicable to them, or (b) no-continuum reality (nonphysical reality) and discontinuum reality (quantized reality) are applicable to them, with this either-or situation resulting from the size of the DL not being known yet.
FIG 4 below is used to illustrate the inseparability that the human body and the brain (itself) experience. FIG 4, which has a gray border, depicts the DEF-field using the color dark-brown and the color white (see FIG 4). The dark-brown color is the EED-field component of the DEF-field, and the white color is the DEDfield component of the DEF-field (see FIG 4). The black color is used for explanatory remarks and illustrations (see FIG 4). The property of inseparability is represented by the white color (i.e., the DEDfield) running through the two people (i.e., the EED-field) who are at opposite ends of the observable universe (see FIG 4). The two people (i.e., the EED-field), even though they are at opposite ends of the observable universe, are part-of each other by-way-of being part-of the DED-field (i.e., the white color) (see FIG 4). Atom 1 and Atom 2 in FIG 4 are illustrated explanatory remarks meant to remind the viewer (you) that the human body, which includes the brain in which the conscious mind resides, is made of atoms that are made of subatomic particles (see FIG 4), and these atoms and subatomic particles are EED-fields that are part-of the DED-field, which means, metaphorically speaking, these atoms and subatomic particles also experience inseparability./span>
FIG 4 Illustration of inseparability.
There are no individual, separate things. Everything is part-of everything else, but a human only directly detects continuum reality (physical reality) and mathematical reality, and the property of separability is applicable to these two realities, but remember these realities were falsified by Einstein’s Q2DDG.
Conclusion
A human can experience the phenomena studied by parapsychologists and know about them because the human body, which includes the brain in which the conscious mind resides, is part-of the DEF-field and thereby experiences inseparability.
References
[1] J. Stachel, Einstein from ’B’ to ’Z (Springer Science & Business Media, 2001), Vol. 9, pp. 150–152.
[2] A. Einstein, Relativity: The Special and General Theory (Crown Publishers, Inc., New York, 1961), pp. 55, 82–90, 94–5, 102, 142–144.
[3] E. Taylor, Phys. Essays 34, 578 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-34.4.578
[4] A. Einstein, The Albert Einstein Collection Volume Two: Essays in Science, Letters to Solovine, and Letters on Wave Mechanics, Kindle ed. (Philosophical Library, 2019), pp. 48, 53, and 57.
[5] M. Sachs, Phys. Essays 11, 330 (1998).
[6] E. Taylor and R. Iyer, Phys. Essays 35, 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.1.55
[7] E. Taylor, Phys. Essays 35, 3 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.250
[8] E. Taylor and R. Iyer, Phys. Essays 35, 4 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.395
There are no individual, separate things. Everything is part-of everything else, but a human only directly detects continuum reality (physical reality) and mathematical reality, and the property of separability is applicable to these two realities, but remember these realities were falsified by Einstein’s Q2DDG.
Conclusion
A human can experience the phenomena studied by parapsychologists and know about them because the human body, which includes the brain in which the conscious mind resides, is part-of the DEF-field and thereby experiences inseparability.
References
[1] J. Stachel, Einstein from ’B’ to ’Z (Springer Science & Business Media, 2001), Vol. 9, pp. 150–152.
[2] A. Einstein, Relativity: The Special and General Theory (Crown Publishers, Inc., New York, 1961), pp. 55, 82–90, 94–5, 102, 142–144.
[3] E. Taylor, Phys. Essays 34, 578 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-34.4.578
[4] A. Einstein, The Albert Einstein Collection Volume Two: Essays in Science, Letters to Solovine, and Letters on Wave Mechanics, Kindle ed. (Philosophical Library, 2019), pp. 48, 53, and 57.
[5] M. Sachs, Phys. Essays 11, 330 (1998).
[6] E. Taylor and R. Iyer, Phys. Essays 35, 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.1.55
[7] E. Taylor, Phys. Essays 35, 3 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.3.250
[8] E. Taylor and R. Iyer, Phys. Essays 35, 4 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-35.4.395